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Python安装

1.操作系统环境

  • 系统环境: Ubuntu 22.04
$ cat /etc/lsb-release 
DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu
DISTRIB_RELEASE=22.04
DISTRIB_CODENAME=jammy
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 22.04.5 LTS"

2.Python版本

  • Python版本(系统自带): 3.10.12
$ python3 --version
Python 3.6.15

3.pip版本和升级

  • 检查当前pip版本
$ pip --version
pip 24.2 from ~/.local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pip (python 3.10)

$ pip3 --version
pip 24.2 from ~/.local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pip (python 3.10)
  • 升级pip版本
pip install --upgrade pip
pip install --upgrade pip -i https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip -i https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/

4.pip国内源

5.pip配置

显示当前pip的配置。

pip config list

运行命令pip config edit --global --editor=code来创建/编辑pip配置文件pip.ini,并制定用VSCode打开配置文件。

  • 在微软Windows平台,pip.ini文件默认存放路径是C:\ProgramData\pip\pip.ini
  • 在Linux平台,pip.ini文件默认存放路径是/etc/pip.conf

下面的实例添加了公司内网的Python源,其中username和token需要参考内网Python源使用方法。默认只有https://pypi.org/simple

extra-index-url = https://{USERNAME}:{TOKEN}@<YOUR REPOSITORY HOST>/artifactory/api/pypi/deploy-releases-hyperspace-pypi/simple
                  https://{USERNAME}:{TOKEN}@<YOUR REPOSITORY HOST>/artifactory/api/pypi/deploy.releases.pypi/simple
                  https://pypi.org/simple
trusted-host = <YOUR REPOSITORY HOST>

如果在编辑/etc/pip.conf文件时遇到权限问题,可以参考下面方法进行调整。

$ ll /etc/pip.conf 
-rw------- 1 root root 314 Aug 29 16:58 /etc/pip.conf

$ sudo chmod og+rw /etc/pip.conf 

$ ll /etc/pip.conf 
-rw-rw-rw- 1 root root 314 Aug 29 16:58 /etc/pip.conf

6.安装常用Python包

下面命令是通过预定义文件requirements.txt来安装Python包。

pip install -r requirements.txt
pip install -r requirements.txt -i https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/

安装指定包的最新版本。

pip install package_name
pip install -U package_name

显示指定包的已安装版本。

pip show package_name
pip show package_name | grep "Version:"

列出当前有更新版本的包,并安装指定版本的包。

pip list --outdated
pip install package_name==specific_version

升级指定的包。

pip install --upgrade package_name

创建文件requirements.txt并批量安装Python包。下面的示例中只指定了包名称,未指定包的版本,即安装最新版。

$ cat > requirements.txt << EOF
sqlite-utils
numpy
matplotlib
scikit-learn
pandas
seaborn
selenium
pandas-datareader
beautifulsoup4
statsmodels
black
pipdeptree
python-dotenv
flask
mkdocs
python-minifier
mkdocs-material
mkdocs-material-extensions
mkdocs-minify-plugin
mkdocs-mermaid2-plugin
mkdocs-awesome-pages-plugin
EOF

$ pip install -r requirements.txt

在Ubuntu 20.04中安装mkdocs-material可能会遇到下面的错误。

ERROR: Could not install packages due to an OSError: [Errno 13] Permission denied: '/usr/local/bin/normalizer'
Consider using the `--user` option or check the permissions.

按照提示,执行命令pip3 install mkdocs-material --user来重新安装。

提示:

  • 系统级别的Python包安装路径:/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages
  • 用户级别的Python包安装路径:$HOME/.local/lib/python3.10/site-packages

Python will follow the sequence of the output of sys.path below to search and call python packages.

Python会按照下面sys.path输出的路径顺序来搜索和调用安装包。

$ python3
Python 3.10.12 (main, Jul 29 2024, 16:56:48) [GCC 11.4.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import sys
>>> print(sys.path)
['', '/usr/lib/python310.zip', '/usr/lib/python3.10', '/usr/lib/python3.10/lib-dynload', '<YOUR HOME>/.local/lib/python3.10/site-packages', '/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages', '/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages']